Carboxylic amide-containing polymers for use as fuel or lubricating oil additives and processes for their preparation

ABSTRACT

Processes for producing saturated polymers monosubstituted with carboxylic amides are disclosed. One process comprises reacting a monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer with carbon monoxide and a polyamine containing at least two amino groups at least one of which is a reactive amino group, in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of the transition metals of Group 8 to 10 and the metal compounds thereof. Another process comprises reacting a polyamine containing a reactive amino group with a monofunctionalized, saturated hydrocarbon polymer containing a carboxylic acid or carboxylic ester functional group, the monofunctionalized hydrocarbon polymer obtained by reacting a starting mono-unsaturated hydrocarbon polymer with carbon monoxide and water or alcohol in the presence of a Group 8-10 transition metal catalyst. The products of the processes are useful as additives in lubricating oils and in fuels, for example, as dispersants and/or detergents.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to saturated polymers monosubstituted with acarboxylic amide and processes for preparing them. The carboxylicamide-containing polymers are useful as additives (e.g., dispersants) inlubricating oils and in fuels.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ashless nitrogen-containing dispersant additives generally contain along chain hydrocarbyl component chemically linked to a polarnitrogen-containing component. The long chain hydrocarbyl component istypically derived from a hydrocarbon polymer and the chemical link istypically a dicarboxylic acid, ester or anhydride group, incorporatedinto the hydrocarbon polymer by reacting the polymer with an unsaturateddicarboxylic compound. The dicarboxylic group is subsequently reactedwith a polyamine to form the polar head group. In practice, the chemicallink is most commonly a succinic group derived from maleic anhydride.These functionalized polymers (e.g., succinated polymers) have beenprepared by reacting the hydrocarbon polymer, typically a conventionalpolyisobutene obtained from butene streams by cationic polymerization inthe presence of an AlCl₃ catalyst, with an unsaturated dicarboxyliccompound (e.g., maleic anhydride) at elevated temperature in thepresence of chlorine. Exemplary processes are described in U.S. Pat. No.3,215,707, EP-A-382450 and GB-A-1440219. The functionalized polymershave also been prepared by using a two-step chloro process in which thepolymer is chlorinated in the first step and the resulting chlorinatedpolyalkene is then reacted with the unsaturated dicarboxylic compound atelevated temperature. Such a process is described in U.S. Pat. No.3,172,892. The functionalized polymers have also been prepared by thedirect thermal reaction of the hydrocarbon polymer and the unsaturateddicarboxylic compound, often referred to in the art as the thermal eneprocess. The thermal ene process is described in, for example, U.S. Pat.No. 3,361,673 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,401,118.

In the chloro and thermal ene processes, the dicarboxylic compoundundergoes addition with the hydrocarbon polymer at an olefinic doublebond site in the polymer, wherein the addition reaction results in theisomerization, but not the elimination, of the original double bond.This residual double bond content in the functionalized polymer can beproblematic, because it will typically be present in thenitrogen-containing dispersant product derived therefrom, wherein it isa potential site for oxidation and degradation of the dispersantparticularly in high temperature applications, such as use in apassenger car motor oil. The residual unsaturation can be saturated byhydrogenation, but this of course requires an additional processing stepat additional cost.

The residual double bond content also provides a site for furtheraddition of dicarboxylic compound during the functionalization reactionstep which can result in a product containing polyfunctionalized (e.g.,poly-succinated) polymer chains. Products consisting predominantly tosubstantially of monofunctionalized polymers are often preferred for usein the preparation of ashless dispersants in order to avoid or minimizeadverse interaction of the dispersant with other additives employed inthe lubricating oil or fuel. For example, dispersants based uponmonofunctionalized polymer can have the advantage of minimizing adverseinteractions (e.g., gelation) with overbased detergents, whichinteractions are described in EP-A-208560.

It can be difficult to control the chloro and thermal processes toproduce monofunctionalized polymer in high yields. The more activechloro processes can produce functionalized product in high yields, but,without careful monitoring and control of reaction parameters, theproduct can contain significant to major amounts of polyfunctionalizedpolymer. The chloro processes raise environmental concerns as well,because their products contain residual amounts of chlorine. The thermalene process avoids the use of chlorine and generally results inmonofunctionalized product, but maleic anhydride reacts poorly and inlow yields under thermal conditions with less reactive polymers such asconventional polyisobutene which has a low content of reactivevinylidene unsaturation and correspondingly large amounts of the lessreactive tri- and tetra-substituted double bonds. The use of moreextreme conditions in the thermal ene reaction to increase yieldstypically leads to the formation of substantial amounts of tar andsediments. If more reactive polymers are employed in the thermal enereaction, such as reactive polyisobutenes as described in U.S. Pat. No.4,152,499 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,605,808 and ethylene α-olefin polymersprepared using metallocene catalysts such as those described in U.S.Pat. No. 4,668,834, the reaction becomes more facile with higher yields,but the addition of a second enophile to a monofunctionalized polymeralso competes effectively with addition of a first enophile to anunfunctionalized polymer leading to polyfunctional systems.

An alternative to the thermal ene and chloro processes is Kochcarbonylation as described in CA-A-2110871, wherein the polymer isreacted with carbon monoxide and water, alcohol or thiol in the presenceof an acid catalyst to form a carboxylic acid, carboxylic ester orcarboxylic thiol ester at the site of olefinic unsaturation in thepolymer. Because the double bond is consumed in the Koch reaction,monofunctionalized polymers with saturated backbones can be obtainedfrom polymers having only one olefinic bond. On the other hand, the Kochreaction typically results in attachment of the carboxylic group to themore hindered side of the double bond, so that the resultingfunctionalized polymer can have a substantial proportion of neosubstituted carboxylic groups. These neocarboxylic groups tend to bechemically stable and difficult to react with nucleophilic compoundsincluding polyamines.

WO-A-95/21904 describes the preparation of carboxylic acids and estersuseful as fuel or lubricant additives by reacting polymers having atleast 30 carbon atoms and at least one double bond with carbon monoxideand water or alcohol in the presence a Group 8 to 10 metal or metalcompound, but does not disclose the preparation of carboxylic amides.

EP-A-148592 describes the preparation of carboxylic esters from polymerscontaining residual carbon-carbon double bonds using carbon monoxide andalcohol in the presence of a protonic acid and as catalyst (a) at leastone of the metals palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium in elemental orcompound form, and (b) a copper compound, both in the presence andabsence of oxygen. It is disclosed that the carboxylic ester groups canbe further reacted, if desired, with for example amines. The conversionand selectivity of the process cannot be determined from the data in the'592 document, but WO-A-95/21904 discloses that the repetition of theexperiments described therein result in a conversion to desired productsof less than 10%.

It is clear from the foregoing discussion that the need exists forimproved processes for preparing carboxylic amide-containing polymersfor dispersant applications. More particularly, processes are needed forthe facile production of carboxylic amide-containing polymers frompolyamines and hydrocarbon polymers, the carboxylic amide-containingpolymer substantially to wholly composed of saturated polymer chainscontaining one amide group.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is a process for producing a saturated polymermonosubstituted with a carboxylic amide useful as a lubricating oiladditive, which comprises reacting a monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymerwith carbon monoxide and a polyamine containing at least two aminogroups at least one of which is a reactive amino group, in the presenceof a catalyst comprising at least one member selected from the groupconsisting of the transition metals of Group 8 to 10 and the metalcompounds thereof. Particular embodiments of the process include theprocess wherein:

the polyamine comprises a member selected from the group consisting ofan ethylene polyamine containing from about 3 to 12 nitrogen atoms permolecule and a mixture of ethylene polyamines containing an average offrom about 3 to 10 nitrogen atoms per molecule;

the hydrocarbon polymer comprises at least one member selected from thegroup consisting of polyisobutylene and polybutene;

the hydrocarbon polymer comprises a member selected from the groupconsisting of an α-olefin homopolymer, an α-olefin copolymer, anethylene α-olefin copolymer, and mixtures thereof;

the hydrocarbon polymer has an average of from about 8 to 33 branchesper 100 total carbon atoms;

the hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight of atleast about 700;

the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, palladium,rhodium, iridium, and compounds thereof;

the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of cobalt and cobaltcompounds, and the process is further characterized by being conductedin the presence of a nitrogen-containing base;

the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of rhodium, iridiumand metal compounds thereof, and the process is further characterized bybeing conducted in the presence of a iodine-containing compound; or

the process further comprises the step of separating the saturated,monosubstituted polymer from the catalyst.

The present invention includes the product obtained by the foregoingprocess or by any of its particular embodiments, and includeslubricating oil compositions containing any of these products orprepared by blending a base oil and any of these products.

The present invention also includes a process for producing a carboxylicamide-containing polymer useful as a lubricating oil additive, whichprocess comprises reacting (A) a polyamine containing at least two aminogroups at least one of which is a reactive amino group and (B) amonofunctionalized, saturated hydrocarbon polymer containing acarboxylic acid or carboxylic ester functional group, wherein themonofunctionalized hydrocarbon polymer is obtained by reacting astarting monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer with carbon monoxide andwater or an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst comprising at leastone member selected from the group consisting of the transition metalsof Group 8 to 10 and the metal compounds thereof. Particular embodimentsof this process include the process wherein:

the polyamine comprises a member selected from the group consisting ofan ethylene polyamine containing from about 3 to 12 nitrogen atoms permolecule and a mixture of ethylene polyamines containing an average offrom about 3 to 10 nitrogen atoms per molecule;

the hydrocarbon polymer comprises at least one member selected from thegroup consisting of polyisobutylene and polybutene;

the starting hydrocarbon polymer comprises a member selected from thegroup consisting of an α-olefin homopolymer, an α-olefin copolymer, anethylene α-olefin copolymer, and mixtures thereof;

the starting hydrocarbon polymer has an average of from about 8 to 33branches per 100 total carbon atoms;

the starting hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weightof at least about 700; or

the monofunctionalized hydrocarbon polymer comprises carboxylic arylester monofunctionalized hydrocarbon polymer.

The product obtained by the foregoing process or by any of theparticular embodiments thereof and the lubricating oil compositionscontaining any of these products or prepared by blending a base oil andany of these products are also part of the present invention.

The processes of the invention provide facile routes for producingcarboxylic amide-containing polymers in good yields. The resultingsaturated, monosubstituted products are useful as additives (e.g.,dispersants and detergents) in lubricating oils and in fuels.

Still another aspect of the present invention is a compositioncomprising a polymeric amide of formula:

    R.sup.1 --C(═O)--NR.sup.2 R.sup.3

wherein R¹ is a saturated polymeric hydrocarbyl radical having a numberaverage molecular weight of at least about 700; R² is H, C₁ to C₃₀hydrocarbyl radical, or C₁ to C₃₀ substituted hydrocarbyl radical; R³ isa C₁ to C₁₀₀ substituted hydrocarbyl radical containing at least oneamino group or is --R⁴ --NR^(2') --C(═O)--R^(1'), wherein R^(1') is thesame as R¹, R^(2') is the same as R², and R⁴ is hydrocarbylene orsubstituted hydrocarbylene; or R² and R³ combine to form anitrogen-containing ring. Particular embodiments include the compositionwherein:

from about 50 to 100 mole % of R¹ are radicals having the formula:

    R.sup.5 R.sup.6 CH--CH.sub.2 --

wherein R⁵ is H or a C₁ to C₂₆ linear or branched chain alkyl radicaland R⁶ is the balance of the saturated polymeric hydrocarbyl radical;

R¹ is further characterized by having an average of from about 8 to 33branches per 100 total carbon atoms; or

R³ is an alkylene polyamino radical.

The composition can be obtained by the preceding processes of theinvention, and is useful as an additive in lubricating oils and fuels.

The present invention further includes a process for producing acarboxylic acid or ester functionalized hydrocarbon polymer whichcomprises reacting a monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer in which atleast about 75% of the polymer chains possess terminal unsaturation withcarbon monoxide and water or an alcohol in the presence of a catalystsystem comprising a compound of a transition metal of Group 8 to 10 anda promoter. The process provides for the production of acid or esterfunctionalized polymers with high rates of conversion.

The foregoing aspects and other aspects of the invention are more fullydescribed below.

As used herein, the term "hydrocarbyl" refers to a radical having acarbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule andconsisting predominantly of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. Hydrocarbylradicals include aliphatic hydrocarbyl groups (e.g., alkyl or alkenyl),alicyclic hydrocarbyl (e.g., cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl), aromatichydrocarbyl, aliphatic- and alicyclic-substituted aromatic, aromaticsubstituted aliphatic and alicyclic, and the like. The hydrocarbylradical can contain non-hydrocarbon substituents (e.g., halo, hydroxy,alkoxy, etc.) or hetero groups in the chain or ring (e.g., --O--, --S--or --NH--), but only to the extent they do not alter the predomninantlyhydrocarbon character of the radical.

The term "substituted hydrocarbyl" as used herein refers to a radicalhaving a carbon atom directly attached to the remainder of the molecule,wherein the character of the radical is not predominantly hydrocarbondue to the presence of non-hydrocarbon substituents and/or heterogroups, such as those noted above in describing "hydrocarbyl".

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Hydrocarbon Polymers

The polymers which are useful for preparing the carboxylicamide-containing polymer of the invention are monounsaturatedhydrocarbon polymers; i.e., hydrocarbon polymers composed of polymerchains containing one carbon-carbon double bond unsaturation. Thesemonounsaturated hydrocarbon polymers may alternatively be referred to asmonoethylenically unsaturated hydrocarbon polymers or mono-olefinichydrocarbon polymers. The monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymers cancontain small amounts of either or both saturated polymer chains (i.e.,chains having no olefinic bonds) and polyunsaturated polymer chains(chains having more than one olefinic bond). Generally, the saturatedand polyunsaturated components will each represent no more than about 10wt. % (e.g., from about 0.5 to 5 wt. % or from about 1 to 6 wt. %),typically no more than about 5 wt. % (e.g., from about 0.25 to 3 wt. %),and preferably no more than about 2.5 wt. % (e.g., from about 0.1 to 1wt. %) of the monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer.

Useful polymers in the present invention include polyalkenes includinghomopolymers, copolymers (which term is used interchangeably withinterpolymers) and mixtures thereof. Homopolymers and copolymers includethose derived from polymerizable olefin monomers of 2 to about 28 carbonatoms; more typically 2 to about 6 carbon atoms.

The polymer unsaturation can be terminal or internal. Terminalunsaturation is the unsaturation provided by the last monomer unitlocated in the polymer. The unsaturation can be located anywhere in thisterminal monomer unit. Terminal olefinic groups include vinylideneunsaturation (also referred to in the art as ethenylidene unsaturation),R^(a) R^(b) C═CH₂ ; trisubstituted olefin unsaturation, R^(a) R^(b)C═CR^(c) H; vinyl unsaturation (also referred to as ethenylunsaturation), R^(a) HC═CH₂ ; vinylene unsaturation (also referred to as1,2-disubstituted terminal unsaturation), R^(a) HC═CHR^(b) ; andtetra-substituted terminal unsaturation, R^(a) R^(b) C═CR^(c) R^(d). Inthe case of vinyl unsaturation, R^(a) is a saturated polymerichydrocarbyl group. In the other cases, either R^(a) or R^(b) is asaturated polymeric hydrocarbyl group, and the remaining groups arenon-polymeric hydrocarbyl groups, such as C₁ to C₂₆ linear or branchedchain alkyl groups. The percentage of polymer chains in the polymerexhibiting terminal vinylidene, vinyl, vinylene, etc. unsaturation maybe determined by FTIR spectroscopic analysis, titration, proton NMR, orcarbon-13 NMR.

The hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight of atleast about 500, and typically at least about 700. Low molecular weightpolymers, also referred to herein as dispersant range molecular weightpolymers, are polymers having M_(n) of from about 500 to 20,000 (e.g.,from about 700 to 20,000 and from about 1,000 to 20,000), typically fromabout 700 to 15,000 (e.g., from about 1,000 to 15,000), more typicallyfrom about 1,000 to 10,000 (e.g., from about 1,500 to 10,000 or fromabout 2,000 to 8,000). In a preferred embodiment, the polymer has anumber average molecular weight in a range of from about 700 to 5,000(e.g., from about 1,000 to 4,000). The number average molecular weightscan be determined by vapor phase osmometry or by gel permeationchromatography ("GPC"). Low molecular weight polymers are useful asbackbones for lubricating oil dispersant additives. Low molecular weightpolymers, particularly polymers having number average molecular weightsof from about 500 to 2,500, are also useful in forming detergentadditives for use in fuels.

Medium molecular weight polymers have M_(n) 's ranging from about 20,000to 200,000 (e.g., from about 25,000 to 100,000 or from about 25,000 to80,000), and are useful, for example, as viscosity index improvers inlubricating oil compositions and are useful as the backbones formultifunctional viscosity index improvers. The medium M_(n) can bedetermined by membrane osmometry.

The values of the ratio M_(w) /M_(n), referred to as molecular weightdistribution ("MWD"), are not critical. However, a minimum M_(w) /M_(n)value of about 1.1 to 2.0 is especially suitable, and a typical range isfrom about 1.1 to 5 (e.g., from about 1.1 to 3).

The hydrocarbon polymers can have branching along the backbone, whereinthe branches are hydrocarbyl groups, typically linear or branched alkylgroups (e.g., C₁ to C₂₆ alkyl groups) or mixtures thereof. Suitable foruse in the present invention are hydrocarbon polymers characterized byhaving an average of from about 8 to 33 branches (e.g., from about 8 to33 alkyl side chains wherein alkyl is selected from methyl, ethyl,propyl and mixtures thereof) per 100 carbon atoms in the polymer. Alsosuitable are hydrocarbon polymers having an average of at least about 10branches (e.g., from about 10 to 33 branches) per 100 carbon atoms ofpolymer. Especially suitable are the hydrocarbon polymers of thepreceding sentence, wherein the branches are alkyl branches,particularly alkyl branches selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyland mixtures thereof. The degree of chain branching in the polymer canbe determined by proton NMR or carbon-13 NMR.

Suitable polymers include homopolymers and copolymers of ethylene andα-olefins made using organo metallic coordination compound catalystssuch as Ziegler-Natta catalysts. One class of suitable hydrocarbonpolymers are those polymerized from monomer(s) in the presence of ametallocene catalyst system, such as the ethylene α-olefin copolymersdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,299. Another useful class ofhydrocarbon polymers are those prepared by polymerizing the monomer(s)in the presence of a late-transition-metal catalyst system, such as thepolymers described in copending U.S. Ser. No. 663,468, filed Jun. 17,1996, entitled "Polymers Derived from Olefins Useful as Lubricant andFuel Oil Additives, Processes for Preparation of Such Polymers andAdditives and Use Thereof". The use of these catalyst systems isdiscussed more fully below.

The olefin monomers are preferably polymerizable terminal olefins; thatis, olefins characterized by the presence in their structure of thegroup --CR*═CH₂, where R* is H or a hydrocarbon group. However,polymerizable internal olefin monomers can also be used to form thepolyalkenes. When internal olefin monomers are employed, they normallywill be employed with terminal olefins to produce polyalkenes which areinterpolymers.

As the term is used herein, "hydrocarbon polymer" includes polymers(e.g., polyalkenes) which contain non-hydrocarbon substituents, such aslower alkoxy (lower=1 to 7 carbon atoms); lower alkyl mercapto, hydroxy,mercapto, and carbonyl, wherein the non-hydrocarbon moieties do notsubstantially interfere with the processes for preparing the carboxylicamide-containing polymers of the present invention. Such substituentstypically contribute not more than about 10 wt. % of the total weight ofthe hydrocarbon polymer (e.g., polyalkene).

The polyalkenes can include aromatic groups and cycloaliphatic groupssuch as would be obtained from polymerizable cyclic olefins orcycloaliphatic substituted-polymerizable acrylic olefins, but thepolyalkenes typically employed are free from aromatic and cycloaliphaticgroups and, in any event, contain only one carbon-carbon double bond(i.e., are substantially to wholly composed of polymer chains containingone carbon-carbon double bond).

Specific examples of terminal and internal olefin monomers which can beused to prepare the polyalkenes include ethylene, propylene, butene-1,butene-2, isobutene, pentene-1, and the like; propylene-dimer, -trimer,-tetramer and the like; diisobutylene, isobutylene trimer, and the like.Specific examples of polyalkenes include polypropylenes, isobutenehomopolymers (i.e., polyisobutylenes), copolymers of isobutene withbutene-1 and/or butene-2 (i.e., polybutenes), ethylene-propylenecopolymers, ethylene-butene copolymers, propylene-butene copolymers,styrene-isobutene copolymers, and the like. A useful source ofpolyalkenes are the polybutenes obtained by polymerization of C₄refinery streams having a butene content of from about 35 to 75% byweight, and an isobutene content of from about 30 to 60% by weight, inthe presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminum trichloride orboron trifluoride.

Also useful are the high molecular weight poly-n-butenes described inWO-A-94/13714. A preferred source of monomer for making poly-n-butenesis petroleum feed streams such as Raffinate II. These feedstocks aredisclosed in the art such as in U.S. Pat. No. 4,952,739.

Suitable polymers include polymers comprising monomer units derived fromat least one of ethylene and α-olefins of formula H₂ C═CHR^(e) whereinR^(e) is straight chain or branched chain alkyl radical comprising 1 to26 carbon atoms. Preferably R^(e) in the above formula is an alkyl offrom 1 to 8 carbon atoms and more preferably is an alkyl of from 1 to 2carbon atoms. Therefore, useful monomers in this invention includeethylene, propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, hexene-1,octene-1, decene-1 and so forth, and mixtures thereof (e.g. mixtures ofethylene and propylene, ethylene and butene-1, propylene and butene-1,ethylene and propylene and butene-1,and the like).

One class of suitable polymers are ethylene α-olefin copolymers; i.e.,polymers of ethylene and at least one α-olefin of formula H₂ C═CHR^(e)wherein R^(e) is as defined in the preceding paragraph, and wherein thepolymer has a high degree of terminal vinylidene unsaturation.Especially suitable polymers of this type are copolymers of ethylene andpropylene; of ethylene and butene-1; and of ethylene, propylene, andbutene-1.

The molar ethylene content of the polymers employed is typically in therange of from about 20 to 80%, and especially from about 30 to 70%. Whenbutene-1 is employed as comonomer with ethylene, the ethylene content ofsuch copolymer is preferably from about 20 to 45 wt %, although higheror lower ethylene contents may be present. Particularly suitableethylene-butene-1 copolymers are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,498,809,the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference. A suitable methodfor making low molecular weight ethylene α-olefin copolymer is describedin U.S. Ser. No. 257,398, filed Jun. 9, 1994, herein incorporated byreference.

The range of number average molecular weight of ethylene α-olefinpolymer for use as precursors for dispersants is suitably from about 500to 10,000; typically from about 1,000 to 8,000 (e.g. from about 1,500 to5,000). The number average molecular weight range of from about 2,500 to6,000 is especially suitable. A convenient method for such determinationis GPC which additionally provides molecular weight distributioninformation. Such polymers generally possess an intrinsic viscosity (asmeasured in tetralin at 135° C.) of between 0.025 and 0.6 dl/g,preferably between 0.05 and 0.5 dl/g, most preferably between 0.075 and0.4 dl/g.

The ethylene α-olefin polymers are further characterized in that thepolymer chains possess terminal vinylidene-type unsaturation. Thus, oneend of such polymers will be of the formula POLY-C(R^(f))═CH₂ whereinR^(f) is C₁ to C₂₆ alkyl, preferably C₁ to C₈ alkyl, and more preferablymethyl or ethyl and wherein POLY represents the polymer chain. A minoramount of the polymer chains can contain terminal vinyl unsaturation,i.e. POLY-CH═CH₂, and a portion of the polymers can contain internalmonounsaturation, e.g. POLY-CH═CH(R^(f)), wherein R^(f) is as definedabove.

The ethylene α-olefin polymer comprises polymer chains, at least about30% of which possess terminal vinylidene unsaturation. Typically atleast about 50%, preferably at least about 60%, and more preferably atleast about 75% (e.g. from about 75 to 98%), of such polymer chainsexhibit terminal vinylidene unsaturation.

Another class of suitable polymers are α-olefin polymers; i.e., α-olefinhomopolymers of an α-olefin of formula H₂ C═CHR^(e) and α-olefincopolymers of at least two α-olefins of formula H₂ C═CHR^(e) whereinR^(e) is as defined above, and wherein the polymer has a high degree ofterminal vinylidene unsaturation. Especially suitable α-olefin monomersare butene-1 and propylene and preferred α-olefin polymers arepolypropylene, polybutene-1 and butene-1-propylene copolymer (e.g.,butene-1-propylene copolymers having from about 5 to 40 mole %propylene). These α-olefin polymers comprise polymer chains wherein atleast about 30%, typically at least about 50%, preferably at least about60%, and more preferably at least about 75% (e.g., from about 75 to 98%)of the chains possess terminal vinylidene unsaturation.

The foregoing ethylene α-olefin polymers and the α-olefin polymers canbe prepared by polymerizing monomer mixtures comprising thecorresponding monomers (e.g., ethylene with one or more α-olefins) inthe presence of a metallocene catalyst system comprising at least onemetallocene (e.g., a cyclopentadienyl-transition metal compound) and anactivator, e.g. alumoxane compound. The comonomer content can becontrolled through selection of the metallocene catalyst component andby controlling the relative amounts of the monomers. Illustrative of theprocesses which may be employed to make the polymers are those describedin U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,834, U.S. Pat. No. 4,704,491, U.S. Pat. No.5,017,299, EP-A-128046, EP-A-129368, and WO-A-87/03887.

Still another class of suitable polymers are the monounsaturatedolefinic hydrocarbon polymers derived from at least one olefinic monomerselected from the group consisting of (a) ethylene, (b) one or moreα-olefins, and mixtures of (a) and (b), wherein the polymer has a highdegree of terminal vinyl and/or vinylene unsaturation. Particularlysuitable α-olefins are those of formula H₂ C═CHR^(e) wherein R^(e) is asearlier defined. These polymers typically have at least about 30% (e.g.,from about 30 to 95%), preferably at least about 50% (e.g., from about50 to 90%), more preferably at least about 75% (e.g., from about 75 to90%), still more preferably at least about 80% (e.g., from about 80 to95%), and most preferably at least about 90% (e.g., from about 90 to98%) of the polymer chains terminated at one end by a vinyl group or bya vinylene group. In addition, the polymers typically have vinylidenegroups terminating no more than about 15% (e.g., from about 0 to 15%) ofthe chains. Chains with trisubstituted olefinic groups can also bepresent in minor amounts; e.g., no more than about 15% (e.g., from about0 to 15%) of the chains have trisubstituted unsaturation.

In one embodiment, the monounsaturated olefinic hydrocarbon polymersdescribed in the preceding paragraph are further characterized by havingan average of at least about 10 branches (e.g., from about 10 to 33branches) per 100 carbon atoms in the polymer. In a further aspect, atleast about 50% (e.g., at least about 75%) of the branches are methyland/or ethyl branches. In another further aspect, at least about 50% ofthe branches are methyl and/or ethyl branches and at least about 80% ofthe branches are C₁ -C₄ alkyl branches. In still another aspect, atleast about 75% of the branches are methyl and/or ethyl branches and atleast about 85% of the branches are C₁ --C₄ alkyl branches.

The foregoing monounsaturated olefinic hydrocarbon polymers can beprepared by polymerizing the olefinic monomers in the presence of alate-transition-metal catalyst system. The catalyst comprises alate-transition metal compound of formula LMZ_(q) wherein

M is a Group 9, 10, or 11 metal, preferably a d⁶, d⁸ or d¹⁰ metal, mostpreferably d⁸ (wherein "Group" refers to the identified group of thePeriodic Table of Elements, comprehensively presented in "AdvancedInorganic Chemistry," F. A. Cotton, G. Wilkinson, Fifth Edition, 1988,John Wiley & Sons);

L is a bidentate ligand that stabilizes a square planar geometry andcharge balances the oxidation state of MZ_(q) ;

each Z is, independently, a hydride radical, a hydrocarbyl radical, asubstituted hydrocarbyl radical, a halocarbyl radical, a substitutedhalocarbyl radical, and hydrocarbyl- and halocarbyl-substitutedorganometalloid radicals; or two Z's are joined and bound to the metalatom to form a metallacycle ring containing from about 3 to 20 carbonatoms; or one or more Z can be a neutral donor ligand, e.g., an olefin,diolefin, or aryne ligand; and q=0, 1, 2, or 3; when Lewis-acidactivators, such as methylalumoxane or aluminum alkyls or alkylaluminumhalides, capable of donating a Z ligand as just described to thetransition metal component, are used, one or more Z may additionally beindependently selected from the group consisting of a halogen, alkoxide,aryloxide, amide, phosphide or other univalent anionic ligand or twosuccessive Z's can also be joined to form an anionic chelating ligand,or one or more neutral non-hyrocarbyl atom containing donor ligands;e.g., phosphine, amine, nitrile or CO ligand.

The late-transition-metal catalyst compounds are activated forcoordination polymerization by an activator. Suitable activators (alsoreferred to in the art as co-catalysts) include alumoxane compounds suchas those employed as activators with metallocenes and ionizing, anionpre-cursor compounds that abstract one Z so as to ionize the transitionmetal center into a cation and provide a counterbalancing compatible,non-coordinating anion, as well as organoaluminum compounds and aluminumhalides.

The foregoing late-transition-metal compounds and activators andprocesses for polymerizing ethylene and α-olefins usinglate-transition-metal catalyst systems to obtain the above-describedmonounsaturated olefinic hydrocarbon polymers are described in detail inU.S. Ser. No. 663,468, filed Jun. 17, 1996, the disclosure of which isherein incorporated by reference.

Functionalized Hydrocarbon Polymer

The carboxylic amide-containing polymer of the invention can be preparedby condensing a polyamine with a monofunctionalized, saturatedhydrocarbon polymer containing a carboxylic acid or a carboxylic esterfunctional group. The monofunctionalized, saturated hydrocarbon polymercan be obtained by reacting a monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer (asdescribed above) with carbon monoxide and water or an alcohol in thepresence of a catalyst comprising at least one member selected from thegroup consisting of the Group 8 to Group 10 transition metals and themetal compounds thereof. In the reaction, a carboxylic acid functionalgroup or a carboxylic ester functional group is respectivelyincorporated in the hydrocarbon polymer using water or alcohol,accompanied by saturation of the double bond.

Metals or metal compounds of Groups 8 to 10 of the periodic table arecatalysts in the functionalization process. The catalysts can be used asheterogeneous or homogeneous catalysts, but are typically homogeneous.Suitable metal compounds include the halides (e.g., chlorides),acetates, and nitrates of the metals. The metals can themselves beemployed. Especially suitable catalysts are cobalt, palladium, rhodium,iridium and their compounds. Rhodium and cobalt catalysts are preferred.

Suitable metal compounds include the metal carbonyl compounds, such asthose selected from the group consisting of iron, cobalt, palladium,rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium. In one aspect, the catalystsconsist of transition metal carbonyl hydrides. Some of the carbonylligands can be replaced by other ligands such as trivalent phosphorus,trivalent nitrogen, and triorganoarsine and divalent sulfur compounds.Suitable trivalent phosphorus ligands include substituted andunsubstituted triaryl phosphines, diaryl alkyl phosphines, dialkyl arylphosphines, and trialkyl phosphines.

The metal or metal compound catalyst is employed in an amount effectiveto achieve the desired conversion of the monoethylenically unsaturatedhydrocarbon polymer to a saturated hydrocarbon polymermonofunctionalized with a carboxylic acid or carboxylic ester group. Thetransition metal concentration is typically in the range of from about0.01 to 5 wt. % based on the polymer. Optimum concentrations will dependprimarily on the metal employed. Cobalt concentrations typically rangefrom about 0.1 to 5 wt. %. Rhodium concentrations typically range fromabout 0.01 to 0.1 wt. %. Other factors determining the optimum catalystconcentration include the concentration and type of unsaturation (e.g.,terminal v. internal) and the desired degree of conversion. For completeconversion of hydrocarbon polymers containing a substantial proportionof internal olefins, a higher catalyst concentration is needed.

The functionalization reaction can optionally be conducted in thepresence of a catalyst promoter. Nitrogen-containing bases are suitable,and tertiary aromatic amines including pyridine and alkylpyridines(e.g., picoline) are particularly suitable catalyst promoters,particularly for cobalt catalysts. Halide promoters such as I₂, HI,alkyl iodide (e.g., methyl iodide and ethyl iodide) and HCl are alsosuitable, particularly for rhodium catalysts. The nitrogen bases andhalides can be used in any amount effective for promoting thefunctionalization reaction. When employed with cobalt catalysts, thetertiary aromatic amine is typically present in an amount ranging fromabout 0.1 to 10 moles per mole of catalytically active metal. Whenemployed with rhodium catalysts, halide promoters are typically presentin an amount ranging from about 1 to 20 halogen atoms per rhodium atom.

Carbon monoxide is present in a molar excess in the reaction, and istypically present in an amount of at least about one mole per mole ofpolymer. The ratio is adjusted by controlling the carbon monoxidepartial pressure in the reaction zone. A typical range of carbonmonoxide partial pressure in the reactor is from about 6895 to 34,475kPa gauge (from about 1000 to 5000 psig), but higher or lower pressurescan be used. The carbon monoxide, which can be provided by any suitablesource, typically contains up to about 10 mole % hydrogen (i.e., fromabout 0 to 10 mole % hydrogen), wherein the balance (allowing for thepresence of minor amounts of impurities) is CO.

The alcohols include primary or secondary aliphatic C₁ -C₂₀monoalcohols, including methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol,n-butanol, sec-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol; 2-methyl-1-pentanol, C₅ -C₁₃ oxoalcohols, polyhydric alcohols such as ethylene glycol, diethyleneglycol, glycerol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol,trimethylol propane and the monomethyl ether of glycerol; aromatic C₆-C₁₀ alcohols such as phenol; and aralkyl C₇ -C₁₂ alcohols such asbenzyl alcohol.

Also suitable are phenols which have been substituted with at least oneelectron withdrawing substituent, wherein the substituted phenol has apKa in water at 25° C. of less than about 12 (e.g., from about 5 to12)and preferably less than about 10 (e.g., from about 6 to 10). Thecarboxylic ester functionalized hydrocarbon polymers resulting from useof these substituted phenols are typically more reactive with polyaminesthan the ester functionalized polymers obtained using the alcoholsdescribed in the preceding paragraph, which alcohols typically havehigher pKa values. The pKa of the alcohol is a measure of how readilythe resulting ester functionalized polymer will react with thepolyamines. The use of this substituted phenol in the functionalizationreaction can be particularly advantageous when the resultingfunctionalized polymer contains chemically stable functional groups,such as neo substituted functional groups (i.e., functional groupsattached to tertiary carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon polymer), which maybe difficult to react with polyamines, relative to functionalizedpolymers containing more reactive functional groups such as isosubstituted functional groups (i.e., functional groups attached to asecondary carbon atom, such as --CHR^(g) COOR^(h) wherein R^(g) ishydrocarbyl and R^(h) is H or hydrocarbyl) and normal substitutedfunctional groups (i.e., groups attached to a primary carbon atom, suchas --CH₂ COOR^(h)).

The substituted phenols include those represented by the formula:##STR1## wherein X, each of which is the same or different, is anelectron withdrawing group; T, each of which is the same or different,is a non-electron withdrawing group (e.g., electron donating); m and pare integers from 0 to 5. Preferably, m is from 1 to 5, and morepreferably 1 to 3. Preferably, p is from 0 to 2, and more preferably 0to 1. X is preferably selected from a halogen (especially F or Cl), CF₃,CN, and NO₂. T is preferably selected from alkyl, especially C₁ to C₆alkyl, and most especially methyl or ethyl.

The halophenols are an especially suitable class of substituted phenols.Exemplary halophenols include 2-, 3- and 4-chlorophenol; 2-, 3- and4-fluorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 2-chloro-4-methylphenol.

The amount of water or alcohol employed in the functionalizationreaction is at least one mole per mole of polymer, but the water oralcohol is typically employed in a molar excess, typically from about1.1 to 50 (e.g., from about 2 to 40), and preferably from about 1.2 to10 (e.g., from about 1.5 to 5) moles per mole of polymer.

A solvent can be employed, provided that it remains inert under theapplied reaction conditions. Especially suitable are solvents with theappropriate polarity to form a single phase containing the polymer,catalyst, and water or alcohol. Alternatively, the solvent can form asecond phase with the polymer. Solvents suitable for forming a singlephase with water or alcohol include oxygenated hydrocarbons such asacetone, ethers (e.g., ethyl ether or tetrahydrofuran), and organicacids (e.g., acetic acid). Solvents capable of forming a second liquidphase include aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane,octane and cyclohexane), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene,and xylene) and halogenated aliphatic (e.g., dichloromethane,chloroform, and 1,2-dichloroethane) and aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g.,chlorobenzene and bromobenzene). The solvent is typically used in anamount ranging from about 5 to 95 wt. % based on the total charge to thereaction zone.

The reaction can be carried out at a temperature ranging from about 20°to 300° C., more typically from about 25° to 250° C. (e.g., from about50° to 200° C.). The reaction pressure is typically in the range fromabout 100 to 30,000 kPa (from about 1 to 300 bar) absolute. The reactiontime is in the range of from about 4 to 100 hours (e.g., from about 10to 48 hours), and typically from about 5 to 50 hours (e.g., from about10 to 40 hours). To carry out the reaction, a mixture of the hydrocarbonpolymer, water or alcohol, catalyst, optionally a catalyst promoter, andoptionally solvent can be charged to the reaction zone, which issubsequently pressurized with carbon monoxide and heated to reactiontemperature. The selected reaction pressure is maintained during thereaction by periodic addition of carbon monoxide. Alternatively, thecatalyst and optional catalyst promoter can be charged separately to thereaction zone either before or after charging of the other components ofthe reaction mixture (i.e., polymer, water or alcohol, and the optionalsolvent) which themselves can be added all together, or separately or inany subcombination and in any convenient order.

The reaction can be conducted in a batch or a continuous mode.

An aspect of the present invention is the acid or esterfunctionalization process as heretofore described in which amonounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer having a high terminal double bondcontent is employed. More particularly, the process comprises reacting amonounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer wherein at least about 75% of thepolymer chains possess terminal unsaturation with carbon monoxide andwater or an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst system comprising (i)a catalyst selected from the group consisting of the transition metalsof Group 8 to 10 and the metal compounds thereof and (ii) a promoter.The process employing such hydrocarbon polymers results in highconversions; i.e., at least about 60% conversion and typically at leastabout 70% conversion. Conversions of at least about 80% or at leastabout 90% can be achieved, including conversions in the range of fromabout 90 to 95% or from about 95 to 100%. The percent conversion can bedetermined by comparing the number of olefin groups per total number ofaliphatic carbon atoms in the polymer before reaction (obtained bycarbon-13 NMR) with the number of functional groups and olefin groupsper total number of aliphatic carbon atoms in the polymer product (alsoobtained by carbon-13 NMR). These conversions are achievable usingmilder reaction conditions and/or shorter reaction times, as compared tothe like functionalization of analogous polymers containing a low (e.g.,less than about 50%) terminal double bond content. Especially suitableare hydrocarbon polymers in which at least about 80% (e.g., from about80 to 95%) or at least about 90% (e.g. from about 95 to 99%) or even100% of the polymer chains possess terminal unsaturation. In a furtheraspect of this process, at least about 90% (e.g., from about 95 to 100%)of the terminal double bonds in these hydrocarbon polymers are terminalvinylidene bonds.

The functionalized hydrocarbon polymer product can be recovered by anyof a variety of methods available in the art. The catalyst can beremoved by such known techniques as washing the product with water orwith aqueous alkali or acid, distilling or stripping the catalyst fromthe product (e.g., stripping a hydridocobalt tetracarbonyl catalyst inthe presence of a stabilizing mixture of carbon monoxide and H₂ at atemperature in the range from room temperature to 100° C.), oxidizingthe catalyst to form a salt and then extracting the salt in aqueoussolution, and stripping the product with a hydrogen-containing gas toreduce and thereby deposit the catalyst metal on the packing or walls ofa recovery zone. An especially suitable technique for use in removingcobalt catalysts is the so-called "cobalt flash" technique described inU.S. Pat. No. 4,625,067, in which the product is contacted with a streamof stripping gas such as synthesis gas to entrain volatile Co compoundswherein the stripping is done in the presence of water or aqueous acidto dissolve Co not entrained at the stripping temperature and pressureemployed. Of course, the selected technique must be operated underconditions which avoid or minimize decomposition or other chemicalmodification of the desired polymer product. The choice of suchoperating conditions is within the capability of the person of ordinaryskill in the art.

Removal of solvents can be effected by distillation or by inert gasstripping with or without a partial vacuum (e.g., stripping withnitrogen gas at elevated temperature).

The functionalized hydrocarbon polymer produced by the above process ismonofunctionalized and saturated; i.e., the functionalized polymer iscomposed of saturated polymer chains containing one carboxylic acid orone carboxylic ester group per chain. It is to be understood, however,that the functionalized polymer can contain small amounts (e.g., no morethan about 10, no more than about 5, no more than about 3, or no morethan about 1 wt. %) of polymer chains having more than one functionalgroup. For example, in the event the starting monounsaturatedhydrocarbon polymer contains a small amount of polyunsaturated chains asheretofore described, the functionalized polymer can contain acorrespondingly small amount of polymer chains having more than onecarboxylic acid or ester functional group.

As used herein, the term "saturated" means the substantial absence ofaliphatic and cycloaliphatic carbon-carbon unsaturation in thefunctionalized polymer as determined by proton NMR or carbon-13 NMR.Thus, a sample of functionalized polymer which has been separated fromthe unfunctionalized polymer upon completion of the functionalizationreaction will have no observable carbon-13 NMR signal due to olefiniccarbon-carbon double bonds. Such a separation can be performed usingchromatographic or other techniques known in the art. Alternatively, anunseparated sample of reaction product having Y % conversion ofhydrocarbon polymer will have a carbon-13 NMR signal corresponding to anaverage of (100-Y)/100 double bonds per polymer chain.

In a preferred embodiment, the functionalized polymer is furthercharacterized by having a low content of neo substituted functionalgroups; i.e., the functionalized polymer has no more than about 40 mole% (e.g., from about 0 to 35 mole %), typically no more than about 30mole % (e.g., from about 1 to 25 mole % or from about 5 to 25 mole %),and preferably no more than about 15 mole % (e.g., no more than about 10mole % or from about 0 to 15 mole %) neo functional groups, and is thusalso characterized by having a correspondingly high content of isofunctional groups and/or normal functional groups. In another preferredembodiment, the functionalized hydrocarbon polymer has at least about 50mole % (e.g., from about 50 to 100 mole %) normal functional groups,preferably in combination with no more than about 40 mole % or no morethan about 25 mole % (e.g., from about 1 to 25 mole %) or no more thanabout 10 mole % (e.g., from about 1 to 10 mole %) neo functional groups.The degree of neo, iso and normal substitution in the functionalizedpolymer can be determined by carbon-13 NMR.

Polyamines

The polyamines employed in preparing the carboxylic amide-containingpolymer of the invention contain at least two amino groups at least oneof which is a reactive amino group and mixtures of such polyamines. Areactive amino group is defined herein as a primary or secondary aminogroup which will react in accordance with the processes described belowfor preparing the carboxylic amide-containing polymer of the invention.The polyamine can optionally contain other reactive or polar groups,provided they do not interfere with these preparation processes. Thepolyamine can be a hydrocarbyl polyamine or a substituted hydrocarbylpolyamine containing substituent groups such as hydroxy, alkoxy,nitriles and the like. A suitable polyamine is an alkylene polyamine(e.g., ethylene polyamine) having from about 2 to 12 (e.g., 2 to 9),typically from about 3 to 12 (e.g., 3 to 9 or 3 to 10) nitrogen atomsper molecule, or mixtures of such alkylene polyamines (e.g., ethylenepolyamines) having an average number of nitrogen atoms per moleculecorresponding to the foregoing ranges. Exemplary alkylene polyaminesinclude tetraethylene pentamine ("TEPA"), pentaethylene hexamine("PEHA"), N-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine, di-(1,2-propylene)triamine, anddi-(1,3-propylenetriamine). Among the useful alkylene polyamines arecommercial mixtures of ethylene polyamines averaging from 5 to 7nitrogen atoms per molecule available under the tradename E-100 (DowChemical) and HPA-X (Union Carbide).

In one embodiment, the alkylene polyamine is a heavy alkylene polyaminewhich is defined herein as an alkylene polyamine having at least about 7nitrogen atoms per molecule or mixtures of alkylene polyamines (e.g., amixture of higher oligomers of alkylene polyamines) having an average ofat least about 7 nitrogen atoms per molecule. Exemplary heavy alkylenepolyamines include the linear and branched isomers of hexaethyleneheptamine, heptaethylene octamine, and hexa-(1,2-propylene)heptamine. Apreferred heavy polyamine is a mixture of ethylene polyamines containingessentially no TEPA, at most small amounts of PEHA, and the balanceoligomers with more than 6 nitrogens and more branching thanconventional commercial polyamine mixtures such as the E-100 and HPA-Xmixtures noted in the preceding paragraph.

A useful heavy alkylene polyamine composition is commercially availablefrom Dow Chemical under the tradename HA-2. HA-2 is a mixture of higherboiling ethylene polyamine oligomers and is prepared by distilling outall the lower boiling ethylene polyamine oligomers (light ends) up toand including TEPA. The TEPA content is less than 1 wt. %. Only a smallamount of PEHA, less than 25 wt. %, usually 5-15 wt. %, remains in themixture. The balance is higher nitrogen content oligomers with a greatdegree of branching. The heavy polyamine preferably contains essentiallyno oxygen. Typical analysis of HA-2 gives primary nitrogen values of 7.8milliequivalents (meq) (e.g., 7.7 to 7.8) of primary amine per gram ofpolyamine. This calculates to be about an equivalent weight (EW) of 128grams per equivalent (g/eq).

The total nitrogen content is from about 32 to 33 wt. %. In comparison,conventional commercial polyamine mixtures such as E-100 and HPA-Xtypically have from about 8.7-8.9 meq of primary amine per gram and anitrogen content of from about 33 to 34 wt. %.

Another suitable polyamine is a one-armed amine, which is defined hereinas an amine containing an average of one primary amino group and one ormore secondary or tertiary amino groups per molecule. The one-armedamine preferably contains one primary amino group and 1 to 10 secondaryor tertiary amino groups. Mixtures of such one-armed amines are alsosuitable. Exemplary one-armed amines aredimethylamino-propylaminopropylamine and polypropylenetetramine with oneend substituted with a tallow group and having approximately one primaryamine per molecule. Suitable one-armed amines are further described inWO-A-95/35329.

Other suitable polyamines include polyoxyalkylene polyamines such asthose described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,022; amidoamines andthioamidoamines as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,857,217 and U.S. Pat.No. 4,956,107; and aminocyclohexane derivatives as described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,296,560 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,213,698. All of the foregoing USpatents are incorporated herein by reference.

Among the suitable polyamines are the aliphatic saturated polyamineswhich can be represented by the formula (II):

    RR'--N--(CH.sub.2).sub.r -- --NR"--(CH.sub.2).sub.r --!.sub.t --NRR'(II)

wherein R and R' are independently selected from the group consisting ofH, C₁ to C₂₅ straight or branched chain alkyl radicals, C₁ to C₁₂ alkoxyC₂ to C₆ alkylene radicals, C₂ to C₁₂ hydroxy amino alkylene radicals,and C₁ to C₁₂ alkylamino C₂ to C₆ alkylene radicals; and wherein R" isindependently selected from the group consisting of H, C₁ to C₂₆straight or branched chain alkyl radicals, C₁ to C₁₂ alkoxy C₂ to C₆alkylene radicals, C₂ to C₁₂ hydroxy amino alkylene radicals, and C₁ toC₁₂ alkylamino C₂ to C₆ alkylene radicals, and moieties of formula

    -- --(CH.sub.2).sub.r' --NR'--!.sub.t' H                   (III)

wherein R' is as defined above; r and r' are the same or a differentnumber of from 2 to 6; t and t' are the same or a different number offrom 0 to 10, provided that the sum of t and t' is not greater than 15;and wherein R, R', R", r, r', t, and t' are selected such that at leastone primary or secondary amino group is present.

The polyamine is reacted (i.e., condensed) with the functionalizedhydrocarbon polymer under conditions effective to amidate at least aportion of the carboxylic acid or carboxylic ester functional groups inthe functionalized polymer. The reaction may be carried out at anytemperature up to the decomposition of the reactants and products, butis typically conducted at temperatures of from about 50° to 250° C.(e.g., from about 100° to 250° C.). The reaction time can vary widelydepending upon the choice and amount of polyamine and functionalizedpolymer to be reacted, the desired degree of conversion, reactiontemperature, and the like, but are typically in the range of from about1 to 15 hours (e.g., from about 1 to 10 hours). The progress of thereaction can be followed by monitoring the formation and/or removal ofthe water or alcohol byproduct. Normally the reaction is run until nomore water or alcohol is formed. The relative proportions of thepolyamine and functionalized polymer can vary over a considerable rangedepending in part upon the choice of reactants and the desired degree ofconversion. Typically, however, the polyamine is employed in an amountof at least one equivalent (e.g., from about 1 to 10 equivalents) ofreactive amino groups per equivalent of carboxylic acid or esterfunctional groups. (Note: When the reactive amino groups in thepolyamine reactant consist wholly of primary amino groups or acombination of primary and secondary amino groups, the number ofequivalents employed is typically based only on the more reactiveprimary amino groups.) The use of a stoichiometric to excess amount ofequivalents of reactive amino is desirable in that it permits 100%conversion of the functionalized polymer to amide-containing polymer.

In cases where the polyamine is volatile with respect to theamide-containing polymer product (and thus easy to separate from thepolymeric amide by such techniques as inert gas stripping ordistillation, with or without vacuum), the use of a considerable excessof polyamine (e.g., from about 2 to 20 equivalents of reactive aminogroups per equivalent of functional groups) may be desirable to reducereaction time and/or increase the degree of conversion. However, whenthe polyamine is not volatile with respect to the amide product, as maybe the case when a heavy polyamine is the reactant, it is oftendesirable to use either a stoichiometric amount or a slight excess ofpolyamine (e.g., from about 1.1 to 1.4 equivalents per equivalent offunctional groups) to avoid a final product containing significantamounts of unreacted polyamine or high levels of basic nitrogen (e.g.,high levels of unreacted primary amino groups) or both. The presence ofunreacted polyamine in the final product represents a loss of valuablereactant. Furthermore, the unreacted polyamine and/or high basicnitrogen levels can be detrimental in certain applications such asdispersant applications involving contact with elastomer seals.

Hydroamidation

Another aspect of the present invention is the preparation of thecarboxylic amide-containing polymer of the invention by hydroamidating(i.e., carbonylating and amidating in a single step) a monounsaturatedhydrocarbon polymer. More particularly, the hydroamidation processproduces a saturated polymer monosubstituted with a carboxylic amide byreacting a monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer with carbon monoxide anda polyamine containing at least two amino groups, at least one of whichis a reactive amino group, in the presence of a catalyst comprising atleast one member selected from the group consisting of the transitionmetals of Group 8 to 10 and the metal compounds thereof.

The catalysts, process conditions, solvents, and recovery methodsemployed in the hydroamidation process are similar to those describedabove for preparing carboxylic acid or ester monofunctionalized,saturated hydrocarbon polymers. The hydrocarbon polymers and polyaminereactants suitable for use in the hydroamidation process are the same asthose already described. An advantage of the hydroamidation process overthe earlier described amine condensation process is the direct formationof the carboxylic amide group in a single step, thereby eliminatingrecovery and/or handling of an intermediate product (i.e., the acid orester functionalized hydrocarbon polymer) and eliminating the use ofwater or alcohol as a reactant.

The amide-containing polymers of the present invention obtained by theforegoing processes (i.e., the product obtained by the condensationreaction of a polyamine with a carboxylic acid or estermonofunctionalized hydrocarbon polymer and the product obtained byhydroamidation) are characterized by having one carboxylic amidedirectly attached to the hydrocarbon polymer and by being saturated(i.e., the polymer is composed of saturated polymer chains containingone carboxylic amide substituent per chain), wherein "saturated" means asubstantial absence of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic carbon-carbonunsaturation, as earlier defined in terms of carbon-13 NMR. It is to beunderstood, however, that the amide-containing polymer can contain asmall amount (e.g., no more than about 10, no more than about 5, no morethan about 3, or no more than about 1 wt. %) of polymer chains havingmore than one carboxylic amide substituent. For example, in the eventthe starting monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer contains a small amountof polyunsaturated chains as heretofore described, the amide-containingpolymer polymer can contain a correspondingly small amount of polymerchains having more than one carboxylic amide substituent.

In a preferred embodiment, the amide-containing polymer is furthercharacterized by having a low content of neo amides directly attached tothe polymer; i.e., the amide-containing polymer has no more than about40 mole % (e.g., from about 0 to 35 mole %), typically no more thanabout 30 mole % (e.g., from about 1 to 25 mole % or from about 5 to 25mole %), and preferably no more than about 15 mole % (e.g., no more thanabout 10 mole % or from about 0 to 15 mole %) directly attached neoamide groups, and is thus also characterized by having a correspondinglyhigh content of directly attached iso functional groups and/or normalfunctional groups. In another preferred embodiment, the amide-containinghydrocarbon polymer has at least about 50 mole % (e.g., from about 50 to100 mole %) directly attached normal amide groups, preferably incombination with no more than about 40 mole % or no more than about 25mole % (e.g., from about 1 to 25 mole %) or no more than about 10 mole %(e.g., from about 1 to 10 mole %) directly attached neo arnide groups.The content of directly attached neo, iso and normal substitution in thefunctionalized polymer can be determined by carbon-13 NMR.

The present invention includes compositions comprising anamide-containing polymer of formula:

    R.sup.1 --C(═O)--NR.sup.2 R.sup.3                      (IV)

wherein R¹ is a saturated polymeric hydrocarbyl radical having a numberaverage molecular weight of at least about 700; R² is H, C₁ to C₃₀hydrocarbyl radical, or C₁ to C₃₀ substituted hydrocarbyl radical; R³ isa C₁ to C₁₀₀ substituted hydrocarbyl radical containing at least oneamino group or is --R⁴ --NR^(2') --C(═O)-R^(1"), wherein R^(1') is thesame as R¹, R^(2') is the same as R², and R⁴ is hydrocarbylene orsubstituted hydrocarbylene; or R² and R³ combine to form anitrogen-containing ring. A subset of the polymers represented byformula (IV) is further characterized by having no more than about 40mole % of the --C(═O)NR² R³ groups attached to a tertiary carbon atom ofR¹. Another subset of the polymers of formula (IV) is furthercharacterized by having from about 50 to 100 mole % of R¹ being radicalsof formula:

    R.sup.5 R.sup.6 CH--CH.sub.2 --                            (V)

wherein R⁵ is H or a C₁ to C₂₆ linear or branched chain alkyl radicaland R⁶ is the balance of the saturated polymeric hydrocarbyl radical.

Illustrative of the amide-containing polymers represented by formula(IV) are polymers in which R² is H and R³ is --CH₂ CH₂ NH₂, --CH₂ CH₂CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH₂, --CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ CH₂ NH--C(═O)--R^(1'), --CH₂CH₂ NHCH₂ CH₂ NH₂, --CH₂ CH₂ NHCH₂ CH₂ NH--C(═O)--R^(1'), --CH₂ CH₂ CH₂N(CH₃)₂, and ##STR2## wherein R¹ is derived from a monounsaturatedhydrocarbon polymer as earlier described and R^(1') is the same as R¹.Another example of the amide-containing polymers of formula (IV) iswhere R2 and R3 together form a piperazinyl ring ##STR3## and R¹ is asdefined in the preceding sentence.

Post-treatment

The amide-containing hydrocarbon polymer of the present invention can bepost-treated. The processes used for post-treating are analogous to thepost-treating processes used for conventional dispersants and viscositymodifiers. Accordingly, the same reaction conditions, ratio of reactantsand the like can be used. Thus, the amidoamine product can bepost-treated with such reagents as aldehydes, inorganic acids,carboxylic acids, dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, hydrocarbyl substitutedsuccinic anhydrides, caprolactone, cyclic ethylene carbonates, Mannichbase condensates formed from an aldehyde and either diphenylamine orbenzotriazole, nitriles, epoxides, boron compounds, phosphorus compoundsand the like.

In one embodiment, the product can be borated by post-treating theproduct with a borating agent to obtain a borated product containing atleast about 0.1 weight percent of boron based on the total weight of theborated product. The borated product can contain up to about 10 wt. %boron (e.g., 3 to 10 wt. %) but preferably has from about 0.05 to 2 wt.%, e.g., 0.05 to 0.7 wt. % boron. Suitable borating agents include boronhalides, (e.g. boron trifluoride, boron tribromide, boron trichloride),boron acids, and simple esters of the boron acids (e.g., trialkylborates containing 1 to 8 carbon alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl,n-octyl, iso-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, etc.).

The boration reaction is typically carried out by adding from about 0.05to 5 wt. %, e.g., 1 to 3 wt. % (based on the weight of the product) ofthe borating agent, and heating with stirring at from about 90° to 250°C., preferably 135° to 290° C. (e.g. 140° to 170° C.), for from about 1to 10 hrs. followed by nitrogen stripping in said temperature ranges.The borating agent is preferably boric acid which is most usually addedas a slurry to the reaction mixture.

A suitable low sediment process involves borating with a particulateboric acid having a particle size distribution characterized by a φvalue of not greater than about 450. The process is described in U.S.Pat. No. 5,430,105.

In another embodiment, the product can be post-treated by reaction witha phosphorus-containing agent to introduce phosphorus orphosphorus-containing moieties into the product. Suitablephosphorus-containing agents include phosphorus acids, phosphorusoxides, phosphorus sulfides, phosphorus esters and the like. Suitableinorganic phosphorus compounds include phosphoric acid, phosphorousacid, phosphorus pentoxide, and phosphorus pentasulfide. Suitableorganic phosphorus compounds include mono-, di- and trihydrocarbylphosphates, the hydrocarbylpyrophosphates, and their partial or totalsulfur analogs wherein the hydrocarbyl group(s) contain up to about 30carbon atoms each. Illustrative post-treatments employing phosphoruscompounds are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,184,411, 3,342,735,3,403,102, 3,502,677, 3,511,780, 3,513,093, 4,615,826, and 4,648,980,and in GB-A-1153161 and 2140811.

In still another embodiment, the product can be post-treated by reactionwith a low molecular weight dicarboxylic acid acylating agent such asmaleic anhydride, maleic acid, fumaric acid, succinic acid, alkenyl oralkyl substituted succinic acids or anhydrides (in which the alkyl oralkenyl substituent has from 1 to about 24 carbon atoms), and the like.The acylating agent is typically reacted with the amidoamine product attemperatures in the range of from about 80° to 180° C. for a timeranging from about 0.1 to 10 hours, optionally in the presence of aninert solvent.

In a further embodiment, the product can be post-treated by reactionwith a strong inorganic acid, such as with a mineral acid selected fromsulfuric, nitric and hydrochloric acid at a temperature of from about93° to 204° C., as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,646.

Compositions

The amide-containing polymers of the present invention possessproperties (e.g., good dispersancy and detergency) which make themuseful as additives in fuels and in lubricating oils. The additives ofthe invention are used by incorporation into the lubricating oils andfuels. Incorporation may be done in any convenient way and typicallyinvolves dissolution or dispersion of the additives into the oil or fuelin a dispersant or detergent-effective amount. The blending into thefuel or oil can occur at room or elevated temperature. Alternatively,the additives can be blended with a suitable oil-soluble solvent/diluent(such as benzene, xylene, toluene, lubricating base oils and petroleumdistillates, including the various normally liquid petroleum fuels notedbelow) to form a concentrate, and then the concentrate can be blendedwith a lubricating oil or fuel to obtain the final formulation. Suchadditive concentrates will typically contain on an active ingredient(AI) basis from about 10 to 80 weight percent, typically from about 20to 60 wt. %, and preferably from about 40 to 50 wt. % additive, andtypically from about 40 to 80 wt. %, preferably from about 40 to 60 wt.% base oil (or fuel) based on concentrate weight.

When the additives of this invention are used in normally liquidpetroleum fuels such as middle distillates boiling from about 65° to430° C., including kerosene, diesel fuels, home heating fuel oil, jetfuels, etc., a concentration of the additives in the fuel in the rangeof typically from about 0.001 to 0.5 wt. %, and preferably 0.005 to 0.15wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition, will usually beemployed.

Fuel compositions of this invention can contain other conventionaladditives in addition to the additive of the invention. These caninclude anti-knock agents, cetane improvers, metal deactivators, depositmodifiers/preventors, and anti-oxidants.

The additives of the present invention find their primary utility inlubricating oil compositions which employ a base oil in which theadditives are dissolved or dispersed therein. Such base oils may benatural or synthetic. Base oils suitable for use in preparing thelubricating oil compositions of the present invention include thoseconventionally employed as crankcase lubricating oils for spark-ignitedand compression-ignited internal combustion engines, such as automobileand truck engines, marine and railroad diesel engines, and the like.Advantageous results are also achieved by employing the additives of thepresent invention in base oils conventionally employed in and/or adaptedfor use as power transmitting fluids, universal tractor fluids andhydraulic fluids, heavy duty hydraulic fluids, power steering fluids andthe like. Gear lubricants, industrial oils, pump oils and otherlubricating oil compositions can also benefit from the incorporationtherein of the additives of the present invention.

Natural oils include animal oils and vegetable oils, liquid petroleumoils and hydrorefined, solvent-treated or acid-treated minerallubricating oils of the paraffinic, naphthenic and mixedparaffinic-naphthenic types. Oils of lubricating viscosity derived fromcoal or shale are also useful base oils. Synthetic lubricating oilsinclude hydrocarbon oils and halosubstituted hydrocarbon oils such aspolymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes,polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers, and chlorinatedpolybutylenes). Other suitable synthetic oils include alkylene oxidepolymers, interpolymers and derivatives thereof where the terminalhydroxyl groups have been modified by esterification, etherification,and the like; esters of dicarboxylic acids; polyol esters made from C₅to C₁₂ monocarboxylic acids and polyols such as neopentyl glycol; estersmade from polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene and/or polypropyleneglycol; and silicon-based oils such as the polyalkyl-polyaryl-,polyalkoxy-, or polyaryloxysiloxane oils and silicate oils.

The additives of the present invention may be mixed with other types ofconventional additives, each selected to perform at least one desiredfunction. Among the other additives which may be in the lubricating oilformulation are metal containing detergent/inhibitors, viscositymodifiers, and anti-wear agents. The metal detergent/inhibitors aregenerally basic or overbased alkali or alkaline earth metal salts ormixtures thereof (e.g. mixtures of Ca and Mg salts) of one or moreorganic acids (e.g., sulfonates, naphthenates, phenates and the like).Viscosity modifiers are generally hydrocarbon polymers or polyesters,optionally derivatized to impart dispersancy or some other property,having number average molecular weights of from 10³ to 10⁶. Theanti-wear agents are typically oil-soluble zinc dihydrocarbyldithiophosphates.

Other additives which may be employed in the formulation areantioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, pour depressants, frictionmodifiers, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, flow improvers, and seal swellcontrol agents. Conventional dispersants can also be employed inaddition to the additives of the invention.

These other additives are typically blended into the base oil in amountswhich are effective to provide their normal attendant function. Whetherused alone or in combination with these other additives, the additivesof the present invention are generally employed (e.g., as a dispersantadditive) in an amount of from about 0.01 to 20 wt. %, typically in anamount of from about 0.1 to 10 wt. %, and especially in an amount offrom about 0.1 to 6 wt. %, based upon the total weight of thecomposition.

Additive concentrates comprising concentrated solutions of the additivesof this invention together with one or more of these other additives canbe prepared by adding the additives to the base oil, wherein the subjectadditives of this invention are typically added in concentrate amountsas described above. The collective amounts of the subject additivetogether with other additives can range from about 2.5 to 90 wt. %,typically from about 15 to 75 wt. %, and preferably from about 25 to 60wt. % additives with base oil as the balance. The concentrate willtypically be formulated to contain the additives in the amountsnecessary to provide the desired concentration in the final formulationwhen the concentrate is combined with a predetermined amount of baselubricant.

Unless otherwise indicated, all of the weight percents expressed hereinare based upon the active ingredient content of the additive and/orbased upon the total weight of any additive package or formulation whichwill be the sum of the AI weight of each additive plus the weight of thetotal oil or diluent.

The active ingredient contents expressed herein reflect the AI contentadded to (i.e., incorporated into) the foregoing compositions andconcentrates. This value can differ from the actual amount of additivepresent in the compositions and concentrates as a result of additiveinteractions and/or environmental exposures (e.g., to air) duringblending, storage and/or use.

EXAMPLES

The following examples illustrate, but do not limit the scope of, thepresent invention.

Example 1

A solution of 100 grams of a monounsaturated ethylene-butene-1 copolymer(M_(n) =2000; 50 wt. % butene content) in 100 ml of glacial acetic acidis charged to a one-liter, Hastelloy C stirred autoclave reactor,followed by addition of 0.30 grams of dicarbonyl rhodiumacetylacetonate, 5 ml of 47 wt. % aqueous hydrogen iodide, and 8 ml ofwater. The reactor is then pressurized with carbon monoxide to a totalpressure of 6,895 kPa gauge (1,000 psig) and is heated to and maintainedat a temperature of 185° C. for five hours, all the while maintainingthe pressure by periodic addition of carbon monoxide. After five hours,the reactor and its contents are cooled to room temperature and excesscarbon monoxide is vented. The reaction mixture containingethylene-butene-1 copolymer monofunctionalized with carboxylic acidgroups is washed twice with water to remove acetic acid and the rhodiumcomponents.

Example 2

To a one-gallon stirred autoclave is charged 1000 grams ofmonounsaturated polypropylene (M_(n) =1,500), 20 grams of dicobaltoctacarbonyl, 175 grams of 3-picoline, 600 grams of methanol and 1000grams of toluene. The autoclave is then pressurized with carbon monoxideto 25,238 kPa gauge (250 atm.) and its contents is heated to 190° C. Theautoclave is maintained with stirring at this temperature and pressure(by periodic addition of carbon monoxide) for 24 hours, after which itis cooled to room temperature and the carbon monoxide is vented. Thedicobalt component is removed from the reaction mixture by treating themixture with air and acetic acid and then washing with 5 wt. % aqueousacetic acid solution. The washed product is then distilled to removeresidual picoline and toluene to give a methyl ester monofunctionalizedpolypropylene.

Example 3

The methyl ester functionalized polypropylene of Example 2 is dissolvedin an equal amount by weight of S150N mineral oil and to the polymersolution is added a mixture of ethylene polyamines having the averagecomposition corresponding to tetraethylene pentamine and containingabout 32.6 wt. % nitrogen, the ethylene polyamines being present in theamount of 1.2 equivalents of primary amino groups per equivalent ofmethyl ester functional groups. The mixture is heated to 180° C. undernitrogen while stirring for 6 hours. The mixture is then stripped withnitrogen at 140° C. for 1 hour to remove residual methanol byproduct andany unreacted polyamine.

Example 4

To a one-liter stirred autoclave flushed with nitrogen is charged 100grams of a monounsaturated ethylene-butene-1 copolymer (M_(n) =2000; 50wt. % butene content), 10 grams of Dow heavy polyamine HA-2, 20 grams ofpyridine, and 2 grams of dicobalt octacarbonyl. The autoclave is thenpressurized with carbon monoxide to 25,238 kPa gauge (250 atm.) and itscontents is heated to 200° C. The autoclave is maintained with stirringat this temperature and pressure (by periodic addition of carbonmonoxide) for 24 hours, after which it is cooled to room temperature andthe carbon monoxide is vented. The reaction product mixture is washedwith 5 wt. % aqueous acetic acid solution. The washed product is thenstripped with nitrogen under vacuum to remove any residual byproduct andreagent volatiles.

What is claimed is:
 1. A process for producing a saturated polymermonosubstituted with a carboxylic amide useful as a lubricating oiladditive, which comprises reacting a monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymerwith carbon monoxide and a polyamine containing at least two aminogroups at least one of which is a reactive amino group, in the presenceof a catalyst comprising at least one member selected from the groupconsisting of the transition metals of Group 8 to 10 and the metalcompounds thereof.
 2. The process according to claim 1, wherein thepolyamine comprises a member selected from the group consisting of anethylene polyamine containing from about 3 to 12 nitrogen atoms permolecule and a mixture of ethylene polyamines containing an average offrom about 3 to 10 nitrogen atoms per molecule.
 3. The process accordingto claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbon polymer comprises at least onemember selected from the group consisting of polyisobutylene andpolybutene.
 4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the hydrocarbonpolymer comprises a member selected from the group consisting of anα-olefin homopolymer, an α-olefin copolymer, an ethylene α-olefincopolymer, and mixtures thereof.
 5. The process according to claim 1,wherein the hydrocarbon polymer has an average of from about 8 to 33branches per 100 total carbon atoms.
 6. The process according to claim1, wherein the hydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weightof at least about
 700. 7. The process according to claim 1, wherein thecatalyst is selected from the group consisting of cobalt, palladium,rhodium, iridium, and compounds thereof.
 8. The process according toclaim 1, wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting ofcobalt and cobalt compounds, and is further characterized by beingconducted in the presence of a nitrogen-containing base.
 9. The processaccording to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is selected from the groupconsisting of rhodium, iridium and metal compounds thereof, and isfurther characterized by being conducted in the presence of aiodine-containing compound.
 10. The process according to claim 1,further comprising the step of separating the saturated, monosubstitutedpolymer from the catalyst.
 11. A process for producing a carboxylicamide-containing polymer useful as a lubricating oil additive, whichprocess comprises reacting (A) a polyamine containing at least two aminogroups at least one of which is a reactive amino group and (B) amonofunctionalized, saturated hydrocarbon polymer containing acarboxylic acid or carboxylic ester functional group, wherein themonofunctionalized hydrocarbon polymer is obtained by reacting astarting monounsaturated hydrocarbon polymer with carbon monoxide andwater or an alcohol in the presence of a catalyst comprising at leastone member selected from the group consisting of the transition metalsof Group 8 to 10 and the metal compounds thereof.
 12. The processaccording to claim 11, wherein the polyamine comprises a member selectedfrom the group consisting of an ethylene polyamine containing from about3 to 12 nitrogen atoms per molecule and a mixture of ethylene polyaminescontaining an average of from about 3 to 10 nitrogen atoms per molecule.13. The process according to claim 11, wherein the hydrocarbon polymercomprises at least one member selected from the group consisting ofpolyisobutylene and polybutene.
 14. The process according to claim 11,wherein the starting hydrocarbon polymer comprises a member selectedfrom the group consisting of an α-olefin homopolymer, an α-olefincopolymer, an ethylene α-olefin copolymer, and mixtures thereof.
 15. Theprocess according to claim 11, wherein the starting hydrocarbon polymerhas an average of from about 8 to 33 branches per 100 total carbonatoms.
 16. The process according to claim 11, wherein the startinghydrocarbon polymer has a number average molecular weight of at leastabout
 700. 17. The process according to claim 11, wherein themonofunctionalized hydrocarbon polymer comprises carboxylic aryl estermonofunctionalized hydrocarbon polymer.
 18. The process according toclaim 11, wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting ofcobalt, palladium, rhodium, iridium, and compounds thereof.
 19. Acomposition comprising a polymeric amide of formula:

    R.sup.1 --C(═O)--NR.sup.2 R.sup.3

wherein R¹ is a saturated polymeric hydrocarbyl radical having a numberaverage molecular weight of at least about 700; R² is H, C₁ to C₃₀hydrocarbyl radical, or C₁ to C₃₀ substituted hydrocarbyl radical; R³ isa C₁ to C₁₀₀ substituted hydrocarbyl radical containing at least oneamino group or is --R⁴ --NR^(2') --C(═O)--R^(1'), wherein R^(1') is thesame as R¹, R^(2') is the same as R², and R⁴ is hydrocarbylene orsubstituted hydrocarbylene; or R² and R³ combine to form anitrogen-containing ring; and wherein no more than about 40 mole % ofthe --C(═O)NR² R³ groups are attached to a tertiary carbon atom of R¹.20. The composition according to claim 19, wherein from about 50 to 100mole % of R¹ are radicals having the formula:

    R.sup.5 R.sup.6 CH--CH.sub.2 --

wherein R⁵ is H or a C₁ to C₂₆ linear or branched chain alkyl radicaland R⁶ is the balance of the saturated polymeric hydrocarbyl radical.21. The composition according to claim 19, wherein R¹ is furthercharacterized by having an average of from about 8 to 33 branches per100 total carbon atoms.
 22. The composition according to claim 19,wherein R³ is an alkylene polyamino radical.
 23. The process accordingto claim 11, wherein the carbon monoxide contains up to about 10 mole %hydrogen.